Algorithm of Truth – Grade 8 Version

INTRODUCTION

Whenever a new theory takes over from an old one it has to explain what was wrong with the old one and show proof that the new one is right. That’s what this paper will do. The old theory is from Einstein and is called General Relativity (GR). The new one is called Galilean-Newtonian Mechanics (GNM) because it is based on the discoveries of those two great scientists. It is ”mechanical” because everything works by forces - pushing or pulling.

Einstein’s GR is a theory about space, gravity what happens under extreme motion, and the history of the universe. So, this paper will explain how all four of them work, and how they fit together. Einstein came up with his theories in two parts Special Relativity (SR) in 1905 and GR in 1915. But this was still more than a whole decade before we had any data about the universe as a whole. We didn’t even know there were other galaxies until 1926! Only in 1929, when Edwin Hubble published his groundbreaking findings that the universe was actually expanding did we start to understand the difference between our solar system (and galaxy) - and the universe!

Do you see why Einstein’s theories, based as they were, on his own ideas and not relevant data about the universe as a whole could never be right? There’s more. Our universe has two kinds of matter - not just one! In addition to the “normal” matter that you and I and the planets and stars are made of, there is something else called Dark Matter, which scientists are still trying to figure out. Why is that important? Because about 85% of all the stuff in the universe is dark matter and only about 15% is what we’re made of. So you cannot understand how the universe works without knowing the properties and functions of dark matter. This is especially true because we know that it interacts and guides normal matter (the galaxies). So how could we explain how the Cosmos works without explaining how its affected by the dynamics of dark matter?

Vera Rubin discovered dark matter in the early 1970s. Einstein lived from 1879 to 1955! Fifteen whole years before the biggest - and most relevant - part of the universe was even discovered. Obviously, a theory that tries to explain how a vast, expanding and universe with two kinds of matter that interact in very specific, dynamicc ways could not give adequate explanations when its author didn’t even know: its size; that it underwent expansion; the existence of two kinds of matter; the properties and functions of each; and that they interact in specific ways to create the observations we measure as scientific data. How could it? But now that we have all the actual data, we can create a working model that does exactly that!

The Hunt for Dark Matter

This video uses fancy words to explain simple things, but it is still useful because it shows how scientists are going about trying to figure out what dark matter is - and why they cannot get it right. Hint: it's not data-based; they fail because they are working from the wrong assumptions. Their mistake is in thinking of dark matter as a weird form of normal matter. It is not. Simply allowing the evidence to guide us to data-backed conclusions about the true nature of dark matter, instead of trying to force it to be what we want it to be, will produce the right answer. We will get to that in a moment. Let us first summarize the videos valid data-backed points. Dark matter is:

• A Family of Particles: Dark matter is not a single particle but a family of particles.
• Parallel: Every normal matter particle has a mirror, dark matter equivalent.
• Portal: If dark and normal matter are related, something turns one into the other.
• No Charges: It cannot have any of the things that cause charges in normal matter.

Since its discovery, humans have built many earth and space-based satellites to study its properties, behaviour and how in interacts with normal matter. We have learnt a lot! Some other things we know about is that is it:

• Invisible: Dark matter does not interact with light, so it is invisible.
• Not Solid: Electric charge is what makes things solid. Without things are not solid.
• Doesn't Decay: Dark matter does not decay, which means it lasts forever.
• One Structure: All dark matter is part of the same object: the Cosmic Web!

Now that we have listed the eight things science currently knows about dark matter, let us see if we can use other proven scientific knowledge to help us identify what exactly it is, and how it actually works!

A New Symmetry1 Identified

We know that dark matter might be a family of particles that forms a periodic table of “dark matter” substances that would be symmetrical to the periodic table of normal matter. Can we prove it by turning a definite possibility into an actual reality? In science the law that takes care of ALL symmetries is called Noether’s Theorem. It says that: whenever there is a conserved quantity in the universe, there is also a symmetry that goes with it. Since we are looking for a new symmetry, we must first identify a new conserved quantity. In the Laws of Thermodynamics, we know that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. This is a conserved quantity, since the total amount always stays the same! But, when this law was made (1600s) it applied only to normal matter, as dark matter had not yet been discovered.

But even once it was, the conserved quantity of the universe was never updated to include dark matter. This is because scientists are wrongly believed that dark matter was an unusual form of normal matter, so its energy would just fit into the total of normal matter. This is just like how we don't update this law whenever we find new galaxies, because they - as normal matter - are covered under the total energy amount of normal matter! However, dark matter is different. Now that we know that it is different to normal matter, and that it never runs out and doesn’t change (is conserved), it means we now have two conserved quantities in the universe - and a new conversed total that must lead to the new symmetry law we are looking for!

Just like when you look into a mirror, the image is the opposite of the way you actually are, so that your right hand in real life becomes the left hand of the mirror image. Let's unpack that a little. Your right hand is right-handed asymmetric. Your left is left-handed asymmetric. But you as a person are symmetrical because you have both left and right hands and they are mirror images of each other. It works the same way with Noether's theorem. Let’s see how.

The Need for a Portal

Normal matter is left-handed, this is because all the forces of nature - except one - have both left and right-handed particles, which means the particles spin both clockwise and counterclockwise. The exception is the Weak Nuclear Force, which is responsible for beta-decay. It is left handed. That means normal matter, overall, is left-handed. It has a left-handed asymmetry. Since Noether's theorem tells us there must be a new symmetry, it means the asymmetry of left-handed normal must be balanced by the nature of dark matter!

This tells us three things. First: the mirror image (dark matter) has to be right-handed. Second: The portal (mirror) that turns dark matter into normal matter must be something that gives normal matter left-handedness and makes it visible and solid (electric charge); while having the opposite effect on dark matter (no charges). Third: a portal is a "go-between" between two other things, so there can only be one portal between the two things it meditates. There is you and your mirror image (two things), but only one mirror! Similarly, your front door is a portal between your house and the outside (two things), but there is only one door. This is another thing many scientists get wrong: so, the illustration below (Figure 1) is wrong when it shows two portals: the Higgs boson (at the top right of each chart). In real life, there is ever only - one portal!

Identifying the Portal: Alpha-Scaling (𝛼)

Electromagnetism, the dynamic interactions between electricity and magnetism are what makes normal matter both visible (interact with light) and solid. Vision comes from our eyes being able to convert the electrical signals of electromagnetic radiation (light) into images. On the other hand: the fact that charges of the same kind push against each other (electric repulsion) is what makes normal matter solid. Since all normal matter atoms have negatively charged electrons as their outermost charged interaction, all normal “stuff” pushes against each other, making it solid! How?

The entity that is responsible for this is called the Fine Structure Constant or Alpha. It has the Greek symbol 𝛼, and a value of 1/137. It gives things like atoms and electrons their values and size. It is this number that determines the size (atomic and smaller) at which normal matter gets its electric charge. Thus Alpha is our portal! Alpha together with beta decay are responsible for giving normal matter the characteristics it has. Also, look at Figure 2 below: you have two things: the dark matter Cosmic Web; and normal matter on either side of the single portal of the fine structure constant.

That is a big improvement over the incorrect duplicating of the portal, as was done in Figure 1. We have covered three quarters of the details of Figure 2: the Cosmic Web; Alpha; and Normal Matter. We will explain the fourth part: \(720^{\circ}\) Spinors shortly. The portal between dark matter is important for two main reasons. 1) It tells us that normal matter comes from dark matter. That means the correct name for dark matter is Proto-Matter2. 2) It tells us that the transition is one way: when you apply alpha to proto-matter, it produces normal matter; but you cannot take away alpha from normal matter to produce proto-matter, just like you cannot "unbake" a cake!

To review: normal matter and dark matter are not the same, but they are related. That is why we need two different convservation values for them - and together they form a new symmetry (left-handed asymmetry + right-handed asymmetry = new symmetry). Since they are both conserved, there must be a symmetry between them (mirror image). It is a Law of Nature. That symmetry needs a real instrument (mirror) to exist. Something that changes dark matter into normal matter by making it: visible, solid, and subject to decay. Because this change creates one form of matter from another, the original (dark matter), must now be called "proto-matter." The instrument that is responsible for this transition is the alpha-scaling ratio (1/137).

We can test this by comparing the results of (mathematically) taking alpha away from normal matter (getting rid of its electric charge) and applying Noether’s theorem to the left-handed properties of normal matter to see if the resulting entity has the properties that we have experimentally verified for "dark" matter. Put a check next to each item as you go through the list:

Finally, becauase we have used real, actual experimental data to prove the true nature of dark matter, from now on we will call it by its proper name: Proto-matter! In Figure 3 above, I have referred to it as dark matter only because the illustration is an artist's impression and in their mind they would refer to it as dark matter. Let us now focus on the differences between quantum and classical mechanics.

Difference Between Quantum and Normal Matter

Quantum things behave strangely (compared to normal matter). For instance in the quantum domain two (or more) things can both be at the same place at the same time (called superposition); or one thing can be in two places (entanglement). That is cool, and it doesn’t happen with normal stuff. What alpha-scaling really does is control what level such behaviour can happen at. Matter without alpha-scaling behaves like that at any size.

Matter with alpha-scaling (normal matter like us) only behaves like that at sizes smaller than atoms (called subatomic). That’s the difference between proto-matter and normal matter. Below the size of atoms, our parts can behave like quantum stuff and be in two places at once, or have two things both in the exact same space. But above the size of atoms, we strictly follow the rules of physics that you know from playing sports: you cannot be at two places at once; and two players cannot play the same position at the same time.

The great thing about the Cosmic Web is that it is a quantum structure, even though it is the largest thing in the universe! This gives it unique properties like being able to move faster than the speed of light (quantum entanglement updates), being the source of all matter (proto-matter), and being able to collapse its entire volume into itself (superposition). This is the state it was in before it was stretched to its current dimensions.

EVERYTHING Follows Simple Velocity Addition - Even Light

We now have some background into what kinds of stuff makes up the universe, but we must still explain how its parts work together to produce the experimental data, or observations that we see! Since science depends on facts, great scientists do a lot of experiments to get data and observations and then put them together in a model that explains everything. Einstein did neither. His theories were about the universe. So, maybe that made him think it was impossible to do experiments, we don’t know. What we do know is that instead of data he used his imagination (Thought Experiments) to try and figure out how everything works.

While he was wrong overall, many people were very impressed with his ideas because, incredibly, he got some things right! It seemed he really knew what he was talking about. He did not. Since he was "right" about some things, no one dared question the other details. All of which we now know - were wrong. It took a 100+ years worth of experiments to thoroughly show why he was wrong. That’s because Einstein’s theories don’t go together with the first part of our paper about particle physics which is fundamentally correct, since understanding particles is the most basic part form of science! Einstein was right about the values objects would have when moving really fast or under intense gravity. Let us see what he got right; and what he got wrong.

What Relativity Actually Means

When a particle moves, the amount of force you used to move it translates into a certain amount of motion. This is called linear (meaning one-to-one) because a certain amount of energy produces a certain amount of speed. But when a particle moves really, really fast this one-to-one relationship between force or energy and speed breaks down. At this point, more force does not equal more motion, but rather it takes more and more force, just to move the particle the same amount as it took to move it with less force before. Why is this?

The momentum that an object has is calculated using its rest mass (how much it weighs). However, experiments show us that when objects move faster than half the speed of light (\(0.5c\)) another factor, in addition to its rest mass becomes important. At such speeds the energy it takes to make the object move faster becomes part of the object itself. That means we can no longer just count it as energy. Since it is now part of the particle, we must also count it as a type of mass or weight. That is why the object seems heavier than normal, which is why it takes more than the usual amount of force to make it move faster.

The reason this energy acts like “extra” mass is because \(E = mc^{2}\). (Einstein was right there!) That means energy and mass are two forms of the same thing, so extra energy, acts like extra mass past \(0.5c\) because that energy is no longer outside the system, but now becomes a part of it! So particles under such conditions have not one but two types of momenta: rest mass inertia and kinetic (due to fast motion) inertia. When you add two different kinds of things together (orthogonal) you have to use the Pythagorean theorem.

Mr. Fletcher & the Secret of the \(3-4-5\) Sided Triangle

Galileo defined what he called Simple Velocity Addition. If you are on a train that is moving at 50 km/h (\(v\)) and you throw a ball in the same direction at 10 km/h (\(c\)), the speed of the ball will be 60 km/h (\(c+v\)) to someone who is standing on the ground, next to the train. The same law works for everything: trains, balls and light. Simple velocity addition works for three directions: same direction (add speeds); opposite direction (subtract); and orthogonal direction, which is a big word that means traveling at right angles (use the Pythagorean \(3-4-5\) triangle to add the different directions).

How to Add Speeds in Simple Velocity Addition Dependending on Direction

The Pythagorean Theorem

The first two methods of simple velocity addition are straightforward, what we are interested in is the last one: orthogonal directions (where the elements are at a \(90^{\circ}\) angle to each other). My grade 8 maths’ teacher Mr. Fletcher taught us how to calculate the speed of a boat that was crossing a river from one bank to the other at 4 km/h if the river had a cross current of 3 km/h. You cannot just add the speeds together because they are in different directions. There’s a trick to how you add them. You must first multiply them by themselves and then add them to find the final answer. This is called the Pythagorean theorem: (\(c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}\)).

We are trying to figure out the actual speed of the boat by using the rules of the \(3-4-5\) triangle (Figure 4). Of course in real life the \(a\) and \(b\) can be different numbers, but we are using \(3\) and \(4\) in our examples to show how we get to \(5\). In our example the boat is crossing the river at \(3\) m/s, but the river's strong current is moving in a perpendicular direction at \(4\) m/s. First we map the Pythagorean triangle's sides (Figure 5). Then we use numbers to see how they relate to each other (Figure 6).

And that's how the Pythagorean theorem helps us solve difficult problems easily. It maps real world situations on to the shape of a right angle triangle so we can figure out the hypotenuse by knowing the sides of the triangle. But it doesn't just work for adding two speeds that are going in different directions. The difference can be in direction, or it can be a difference in type, which means two things that are different to each other (like our two inertial values), so you cannot just add them together.

Whenever we use the \(3-4-5\) triangle, we will get the right answer. Here’s the problem. Einstein said the two factors were Time and Space; but experiments show the two factors are Rest Mass Inertia and Kinetic Inertia. Time and space are different. And our two inertial values are also different to each other. So, we can use the Pythagorean theorem for both of them. But since the right angle triangle only has one right angle - only one of the two explanations is correct. They cannot both be right. The question is: which one is right? You already know which one is correct because experimental results always win over ideas based on hunches (no data). In any case, let us find an experiment that can prove which one is right!

It turns out the difference comes down to an experiment about light. Einstein based his reasoning on the work of another scientist called Hendrik Lorentz, who said light does not follow simple velocity addition, because, he said: light always moves at the same exact speed whether you are moving to, or away from it. This turned light into a magical entity. The only thing in the whole universe that doesn't follow simple velocity addition, but has its own unique rules. This, of course, was wrong. And the proof comes from the very same experiment people who believe Einstein use to prove that light is unique: the synchronizing of GPS satellite clocks with earth-bound clocks.

GPS satellites move very fast and are in lower gravity than the clocks on Earth that they must be synchronized with for accurate GPS signals. Both GR and GNM give the correct figures (since they both use the Pythagorean theorem), but we want to know which of their explanations is correct? The answer comes from determining if light follows simple velocity addition (GNM), or not (Einstein’s GR). It just so happens that GPS systems rely on another technology, this time, to send signals to a rotating Earth beneath them called: the Sagnac Effect. It is this technology that allows us to know with complete certainty, whether or not light follows simple velocity addition!

How it Really Works: The Sagnac Effect

The Sagnac Effect is an experiment that sends two light beams (in opposite directions) around a track to a detector on the other side of the track. But as the beams of light travel around the track, the track itself also rotates. This means the detector on the other side moves toward one light beam, but away from the other. Which light beam will hit the detector first? Obviously, the one the detector is moving towards, as the light will have less distance to travel! That means the speed of the track (\(v\)) must be subtracted from the speed of light (\(c\)) in one direction (\(c-v\)); and it must be added to it in the other direction: (\(c+v\)). So, the Sagnac Effect proves that light, like everything else in the universe, follows simple velocity addition. Galileo was right. And Einstein was wrong. What did that mean for Einstein’s explanation?

For the two sides of the \(3-4-5\) triangle to be Space and Time depended on the speed of light being Invariant4 (always \(c\)). We now know the speed of light is Variable5 (\(c \pm v\)). The exact opposite. So the two sides of the right angle are Rest Mass Inertia, and Kinetic Inertia. Similar explanations apply to all the behaviour Einstein named Relativistic Effects. Because these dynamics come from multiplying values by themselves (exponents), GNM calls them Exponential Dynamics. Even where Einstein seemed to be correct, he was ultimately proven to be wrong. But it is due to these “relativistic effects” that people thought everything else he said was correct, when it wasn’t! Let us now prove why his ideas about gravity and space are also wrong.

Radical Consequences

It is important to explain the drastic consequences of the wrong ideas of relativity. What does the word relativity actually mean? At the end of the 1800s many scientists believed there was an invisible ocean (aether) that filled the whole universe and they tested the speed of light (\(c\)) against the motion of this invisible ocean expecting the speed of light to follow simple velocity addition as it moved with (\(c+v\)) and against (\(c-v\)) the aether. But there was no space ocean. So the test results were just \(c\) by itself since there was no second source of motion to add or subtract it from.

The scientists were so convinced about the existence of an invisible ocean that they refused to believe their own results. Then, Lorentz, who also strongly believed in the aether played around with the numbers to try and find a way to explain the zero result. He thought: if the speed didn’t change (just \(c\), not \(c+v\) or \(c-v\)), something else, something more fundamental than the things we can “see “with our eyes must have changed. This was unscientific and wrong!

We Are Governed by Reality: We Do Not Govern It!

The formula for speed is: \(Speed=Distance/Time\). Since he couldn’t change the speed, he changed the distance (Space) and the time (Time). He changed them in such a way that they would combine to give a result of an Invariant (unchanging) speed (\(c\))! But changing them meant changing reality, because time and space are fundamental to reality in the universe! Fundamental means reality is based on them. So when you change them you are changing reality itself. Einstein used these ideas to form his own theories and that’s why he called his theory Relativity, because reality was no longer absolute, but relative - or changeable! It could be changed by how fast you were going or how much gravity you had.

Science Fiction

This gives rise to strange things such as two twins being different ages if one became an astronaut traveling among the stars (moving fast in a rocket) and the other stayed on Earth. This is not true. Twins (born on the same day) will always be the same age no matter how they live their lives. The age of one twin, will always match the other. Neither one can reach down into the fundamental layer of reality and change it so that they experience a different reality. Nature is absolute - not relative. We all share the same Absolute Truths. What happens at \(≥0.5c\) are merely Exponential Dynamics.

Because Einstein used the right mathematical formula (the \(3-4-5\) triangle), he correctly predicted how nature behaved within a very limited range of activities, but it was for totally the wrong reasons. That means since we now have the data, and we have proven that his explanation was wrong, the new model: Galilean-Newtonian Mechanics must now provide the proper empirical explanations for how everything Einstein had originally tried to explain: gravity, space and the universe actually works.

Gravity: Action at a Distance - Sir Isaac Newton

Okay, so far, we've covered the explanation for dark and normal matter and how they relate to each other. Very importantly, we have also identified the mathematical laws that define both their existence and their properties. This ensures that we are not guessing, but our proofs are scientifically sound. Just knowing those facts and being sure about how we came to that knowledge (first principle thinking) makes it really easy to figure out the rest of the details, because proto-matter, normal matter, light and time are the building blocks of our existence or put another way: the building blocks of reality. Once we have identified and are comfortable with them, the only thing left to do is to figure out how they fit and work together to produce the many wonderful effects that keep us amazed and make everyday life so enjoyable! The first - and most misunderstood - of those effects is gravity!

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most brilliant scientists ever. He discovered gravity and explained how it worked. One of the facts of his discovery was that gravity was a force from a body to every other body in the universe. Though gravity was universal, he didn’t know how it got from one object to another, what Newton called, Action at a Distance. As Sean Carroll told Neil deGrasse Tyson in a recent Star Talk episode:

Gravity: Action at a Distance - Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday is right up there with Newton. He is among the top five scientists of all time! He was the one who figured out that electricity and magnetism weren’t really two different things, but two different effects of the same underlying force - electromagnetism! Why did Sean bring up Isaac Newton when asked about Faraday and his lines of force? Because most people immediately know that both instances of action at a distance must relate to the same thing. We know from Faraday that that “thing” is electrical lines of force. I will quote a statement from Faraday, but since it is in old English I will quote the original (orange) and translate it to regular English (blue):

In other words, Faraday was saying gravity and light USE THE SAME LINES!

Action at a Distance: \(720^{\circ}\) Spinors

Faraday lived in the 1800s. In addition to action at a distance, or electrical lines of force, we have since discovered that for electrons to exist they need to have ribbons that extend throughout space called: \(720^{\circ}\) Spinors. See Illustrations 1 & 2. These ribbons must attach to walls on all sides (I’ll tell you more about that later). That means electrons are connected to all other parts of the universe by invisible strands! Immediately, we should be suspecting that spinors and electrical lines of force are the same thing because they both come out of electrons! And they both go out to every other object in the universe. It would be strange if electrons had two different types of mechanisms that do the exact same thing, in the exact same way. So ... our intuition is that they might be the same entity viewed under different conditions, or use cases. But to be sure we must rely on experimental evidence. That is the scientific way!

Since we know both sets of ribbons come out of electrons, we just need to see how many ribbons light uses and how many ribbons gravity uses. If it is a different number of ribbons, perhaps there are two sets of ribbons: each with their own purpose. However! If both light and gravity use the same number of ribbons, then they are mathematically proven to be using the same infrastructure - \(720^{\circ}\) spinors - to convery their respective forces! More on this later. For now, let’s start talking about Space itself.

Stuff & Space

It's important that we understand Space. The universe is made up of two things: stuff (normal "classical" matter) and Space (quantum only matter). Stuff are all the things we can see with our eyes. And Space is the invisible container that holds all the visible stuff in place so we know where it is in relation to all the other stuff. Remember Einstein’s failed theory, it was actually a theory about Space! Since we know it doesn’t work, we must idefity and show the proof for the thing that really fulfilling the functions of Space in the universe. Surprisingly: this is much easier than you would think.

Einstein’s theory is like a Jenga tower, it was built on three main bottom pieces (tenets): Invariant \(c\) (which we know is wrong); something called the Cosmological Principle; and the last piece called the Cosmological Constant. Let me explain them.

The Cosmological Constant (Λ)

This is a steady energy that is supposed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. We’ve known since 1929 that the universe has undergone expansion. But in 1998 two independent teams of scientists said this expansion was accelerating! They later shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 for their discoveries. But they were wrong.

These two teams each used less than 100 samples to come to their conclusions. But in November 2025, a new study from Junhyuk Son et al. of over 3,000 samples showed they made a mistake in how they set up their experiment. This mistake meant all their data was not set up right (calibration), and thus everything they measured was wrong. In fact, the opposite was true: the expansion had never accelerated and was always a decelerating expansion. Which means you start out fast, but keep going slower and slower until you stop! This experimental result falsified Einstein’s cosmological constant, because a decelerating universe cannot be the result of a constant accelerating force. That means two out of three of Einstein’s original bottom Jenga blocks have been proven to be false. But it get’s worse…

The Cosmological Principle

This principle involves two separate ideas that just mean the universe: 1) looks the same in all places and; 2) looks the same in all directions. It would be proven to be wrong if there was any verified experimental data that the universe was not like that. Is there any? Yes! All the tests of those two assumptions prove the universe does not follow either assumption, but we'll only look at one. The experimental results from the largest dataset ever collected: the “Axis of Evil.”

This is a pattern in something called the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) that shows three things: 1) the universe is finite; 2) the universe has a center, and; 3) the universe has a boundary surface or endpoint surface. That's what makes it finite! That means it does not look the same from everywhere because it looks different at the edge than it does in the middle. Just like the view you see when you are standing in your living room is different than the view you get when you are standing at the edge of your garden or outside space. So all three Jenga blocks holding up Einstein’s ideas are taken away, which means his ideas collapse - since they were based on those bottom Jenga pieces! Knowing this, scientists called this data “evil,” because it would prove that Einstein was wrong. But data is not human. It is neutral. It cannot be “evil,” or good - only real or fake. And the Axis is REAL!

Putting it All Together

Now that we have all the correct data, how does it all fit together? The universe is made up of two main things: visible stuff and invisible Space. The "aha" is realizing that these two domains of the universe interact with each other. You cannot explain the visible comsos (stuff), without including the invisible Cosmic Web (Space)!

Stuff is:

• Visible
• Solid
• Perishes
• Gravitates
• Quantum below the size of atoms
• Has classical mechanical nature
• Thermodynamic (generates entropy)
• Limited to speed of light

Space is:

• Invisible
• Not solid
• Lasts Forever
• Stretches
• Quantum at all sizes
• Has quantum mechanical nature
• Non-Thermodynamic (entropy free)
• Can update (move, stretch and bend) at any speed - over all distances

Space holds all the galaxies in their positions in the night sky. Its architecture (3D shape) also determines how galaxies are spaced apart in the night sky. So the expanding of the universe is the stretching of the Cosmic Web, because when it stretches (expands), the galaxies move with it, and thus the universe as a whole - expands.

Since the shape of Space decides where normal matter goes, not the other way around (as Einstein thought), then the data from the CMBR's Axis is not about matter, but about the asymmetrical shape of the Cosmic Web itself, in 3D space. The Cosmic Web not only has all the properties that Space needs to have: be invisible, be able to move faster than the speed of light, not interact with light (since we cannot see it) etc., it also performs the functions of Space. The Cosmic Web not only holds all the visible galactic matter within it (a function of Space), it is also the mechanism that is responsible for the stretch-based exapnsion of the universe. We know that Einstein's 4D spacetime has been proven to be wrong from everything we've covered so far. Please confirm for yourself that if it was real, for it to perform the role of Space in the universe, it would have had to have the exact same shape as the Cosmic Web!*

Tying Up a Loose End

Let's quickly clear up something which might be confusing you: the difference between Space and space. Look at Figure 3 again. It is an artist's impression of what the Cosmic Web - or what we now know is Space - looks like. Let's use colours to show the difference between Space and space. Space with a capital 'S' ie everything that you see in black; and it is responsible for the positions of galaxies (in yellow) in the night sky, as well as how the universe expanded (by how it was stretched). On the other hand, space, that is the places we can move in, is everything in that picture. We can move through the black parts of the drawing, as light does when it travels through space, we can move in the yellow parts of the drawing which represent galaxies and our satellites and you and I move about there everyday.

There are also the empty lightgray areas. There is no Space there - only space. Study the image carefully again so you clearly grasp the diffence between Space: the thing that expands the universe and determines where each galaxy is; and space: which are just the normal three dimensions of the space things move around in!

The Structure of Space Determined the Expansion Rate of the Universe

The Cosmic Web has many nested layers in its design. These layers fit inside each other like Russian dolls. So a decelerating expansion means moves at different speeds. The first, outer layer moved the fastest in the expansion. The next layer moved slower and so on and so on … until the innermost ball-like (spherical) layer has no speed at all. The Earth is inside that smaller inside layer. It is at the very center according to the Axis. So, from the start to the end of the expansion - it never moved! This is what Edwin Hubble discovered in 1929: that all the galaxies in different layers of Space were moving away from us in all directions - which means we are in the middle.

Why is that important? When something expands from a central point outwards in all directions, as the universe did, it means the central object never moves because the outward movement affects everything but what it in the middle. The middle is the only part that is NOT part of the stretching. Put another way: whatever is in the middle at the end of a stretch in all directions was also there at the beginning of that stretch! Space, or the Cosmic Web, affects stuff in another way. Let’s go back to \(720^{\circ}\) spinors.

Remember the electric lines of force coming out of an electron? We said they had ribbons that must attach to walls far, far away from the electron. But where are those walls? Now that we know that the universe has a size (is finite) and we know where it ends, we know where the walls are! Here is something important: while Space is like a spider web INSIDE the universe; at its very edge it is a continuous SOLID sphere. We know that as at the edge of the universe (a location called the Celestial Sphere) sits the CMBR which is a sphere. So the universe is a big ball, and the surface of this "ball" shape is where all the ribbons of the electrons attach to. Since it was Michael Faraday who first discovered them, we will call \(720^{\circ}\) spinors: Faraday Tethers!

What is Weight?

Being attached to the inside of the ball-like edge of the universe creates something called inertia which is the urge not to be moved. The electron is attached to all inside parts of that sphere through its ribbons (tethers). That means when you try and move it one direction it pulls slightly on the ribbon behind it, which is attached to the opposite side of the universe. This happens in \(360^{\circ}\): no matter what direction you try to move it in. This resistance to being moved is called Inertia, and inertia is another name for mass, or weight. Now that we know that for matter to exist it needs a wall at the edge of the universe to attach to, we can define why Space has three dimensions.

First Dimension (x)

Imagine the universal boundary shaped like a capped straw, a hollow cylinder capped at both ends and that the circle of the straw is the exact size of the electron's ball-line center. An electron in the center would have strings extending only sideways, to the two capped ends of the straw. It could move left and right to either end, but it could not up and down, or back and forth. The lesson: a particle can only travel along the direction and length of its strings or ribbons (Faraday tethers) If the volume of this straw represented the size of the universe, that would be a one dimensional universe, since the electron can only move in left and right along one line - or axis.

Second Dimension (z)

Now, imagine instead that the boundary is a flat sheet of paper. The electron is again in the center, but now its ribbons are attached to the four edges of the paper. It can move left and right (width) like before, but also in a new direction: forwards and backwards (depth). This is now a two-dimensional (2D) universe.

Third Dimension (y)

Finally, imagine the sheet is now a box. The electron at the center has tethers extending outwards in all directions (radially) to all sides of the box (boundary). It can now move in a new, third direction: up and down (height). Since every direction in a radial space can be described as a combination of these three axes (x, y, z), we define only the axes - as the dimensions of absolute Space, meaning Space has three dimensions! An electron is free to move in any direction where it has a ribbon attached to a boundary, provided it is pushed or pulled there by a net outside force. The amount of space between the start of the ribbon and where they meet the boundary in all directions is the total amount space we have to move in the entire universe! The example of a straw, a piece of paper and a box were only to make the points clear. Remember that the actual universe is shaped like a big ball, and we're in the middle.

Now that we understand dimensions, this is a good place to reinforce the distinction between "Space," and "space." The former is the entity responsible for the existence of the 3 dimensions of space, since its ball shaped (spherical) boundary surface is what creates the foundation of the dimensions (along with tethers) that normal matter needs to exist. Since that surface is at the very edge of the universe, its size defines how big the universe itself is! In contrast, space with a small 's' is just the size of the area, as defined by the size of the boundary; and the number of dimensions, as defined by the shape of that boundary - that physical matter can move around in.

Quantum Gravity

Like Neil deGrasse Tyson and Sean Carroll said, many, many things in the universe are the result of just two lines of force: electrical and magnetic, interacting with each other. To understand why electrical lines of force also cause gravity, we only need to have a surface understanding of how tension works. Tension is an outward pull. Test it for yourself now. take any rope or string in your hands and give it tension. Giving it tension means making it straight. You cannot do that unless you pull outward at both ends! The electrical lines of force are under tension between the two bodies they connect, because they are straight (as we have already seen from multiple sources). Next, remember that Newton's Third Law of Motion: "For every action, there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction," also has a role to play here. How does this work. In rocket launches the engine's downward thrust (the action), results in the rocket shooting upwards (the reaction in the opposite direction). Now how does this work with our taut lines of force? The outward pull of tension (the action), results in the inward tug of the objects at either end (the reaction in the opposite reaction.) That inward "tug" of objects coming closer together is what we call: Gravity!

Examples

How it REALLY Works: The Inverse Square Law

The key to understanding that gravity and light use the same lines of force is to realize that there is a fixed number of total lines coming out of an electron and they spread out radially (in all directions). That means their density gets smaller based on the inverse square law, which is the mathematical law that shows how things diminish as they spread out in a sphere (in all directions): every time you double the distance from the center (the electron) you will have four times less ribbons in the same amount of space. So, any force that uses those lines will also get smaller by the exact same amount, while still having an infinite range (because the electrical lines of force - or Faraday Tethers - go the edge of Space). Any force that uses this mechanism will thus have an infinite range and diminish via an inverse square law. That’s how we know gravity and light both use electric lines of force to transmit their forces through space!

You will notice that only gravity and the electromagnetic force have infinite range. But that's not where their similarities end. They also have the exact same equation structure and definition6. You don't have to bother with the details of what the symbols mean, only that there is the exact same types of relationships between variables and constants! Gravity and light are different forces using the same infrastructure!

- VS -

Memory Palace7

Now that we know the structure of the universe and how it is put together we can find an easy way to remember all the things we’ve learned and how they fit together by using a memory palace. First came Space, since it provides the wall that matter needs to be solid and have weight. Light must come third (after matter) since it is a disturbance on Faraday tethers. It cannot be a disturbance if there are no tethers to disturb. The CMBR is the earliest light in the universe, long before starlight. It records everything that happens in the universe and tells us where it happened. Then the CMBR's Axis and plane form the crosshairs that tell us exactly where we are - in the universe. Those are the well-known facts. Let’s now put them into a memory palace.

Picture a train station. The train comes into the station to pick up passengers, but it wouldn’t be able to do so without train tracks. Once it arrives the station’s platform conductor blows his whistle to let everyone know the train will be leaving soon. On the wall there is a map that some passengers are looking at to see where they are and where they want to go. It’s easy to know where the station you are at falls in that map because there is a big yellow arrow pointing to the station you are at, with the words: “You are HERE!” The station also has a CCTV camera system to record all activity and time stamp it. You can find a more detailed summary of what we've learned here8.

• The Tracks come first and they represent Space.
• The Train comes second and they represent normal matter.
• The Conductor’s Whistle comes third and represents light.
• CCTV Cameras come fourth and represent the CMBR, which records everything.
• The Metro Station Map comes fifth as it is an alignment in point four (above).
• The “You Are Here” Arrow comes last as it is just the sign of everything else.

CONCLUSION: A Return to Scientific Truth

Remember the consequences of relativity? It made it impossible to establish absolute truth. Having proved that it was based on a wrong idea (an Invariant speed of light), we now know that it is not true. And neither are the theories of the universe that were based on it! This means all humans can share the same truths. What’s true to me, is true to you too. This is because none of us can reach into the fundamental layers of reality: the dimensions of Time and Space that dictate how and when things happen in our universe - and change them! Looking back: it seems ridiculous that we ever believed we could!

This corrects the biggest impact of the last 100 year detour into relativity, the fact that people believed that nobody could find the Absolute Truth about anything. In that view, the World was just a combination of different opinions and every persons lived experience was equally valid, even if it didn’t agree with known facts. Many people wondered how the world got like that? Was it because of politics, or migration or many different people living together in the same place (different cultures)? No. It was none of those things. We now know that it traces back to thinking the speed of light was an Invariant constant. With the return of simple velocity addition and with it, simple Galilean Transformations, we all once again have a common tool for arriving at the truth on any subject! That is the biggest impact of the important new knowledge in this scientific paper: it means we can once again ALL agree when something is true: and just as importantly, when it is false!